The changing seasons create natural cycles that influence plants, animals and habitats throughout the year. In spring, warmer temperatures and longer days encourage new plant growth, flowering, nesting and the birth of young animals. During summer, abundant sunlight supports growth and provides plentiful food, while autumn brings seed dispersal, fruiting, migration and preparations for colder weather. In winter, many plants become dormant and some animals hibernate, migrate or adapt their behaviour to conserve energy. These repeating seasonal patterns connect life cycles, food availability and weather, helping ecosystems to function and renew themselves each year.
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Different parts of the world experience seasons in different ways because of their location, climate and distance from the equator. Temperate regions usually have four distinct seasons—spring, summer, autumn and winter—with noticeable changes in temperature, daylight, weather, plants and animal behaviour. Tropical regions remain warm throughout the year and often experience wet and dry seasons rather than four temperature-based seasons. Polar regions have long, extremely cold winters and short, cool summers, with dramatic changes in daylight, while desert regions generally receive very little rainfall and may have hot summers, cooler winters and large differences between daytime and night-time temperatures. These seasonal patterns shape habitats, wildlife and the ways in which people live across the globe.
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